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我们认为我们应该努力工作才能快乐，但我们是否可以换种方式来思考事情？心理学家Shawn Anchor解释说，幸福会激发我们的工作效率，他探索了积极思考的力量。
00:00
我七岁的时候我妹妹才五岁。 我们当时在一个双层床的上铺玩 那时候我比她大两岁 当然，我现在也比她大两岁 但是在当时这意味着她必须全都听我的 我想玩战争游戏 于是我们爬到了双层床的上铺 在床的一侧 我放上了我所有的玩具大兵和武器 另一边则是我妹妹的小马玩偶 时刻准备着进行一场骑兵突击
00:27
后来我们对那天下午发生的事情有不同的说法 但是既然我妹妹今天不在场 我就跟你们说说到底发生了什么 （笑声） 事实就是我妹妹有点笨手笨脚的 不知道怎么回事，我这个做哥哥的既没碰她也没推她， 我妹妹艾米突然就从上铺掉下去了 *** 地摔到了地上 我万分紧张地从床的一侧往下瞄 想知道发生了什么事 然后发现她痛苦地趴在地上 四脚着地
00:54
我特别紧张，因为父母已经叮嘱过我 一定要保证妹妹和我 玩耍的时候注意安全，不要太闹腾 这时候我突然想起来一星期之前 我才不小心弄破了艾米的胳膊 （笑声） 我颇具英雄气概地把她 从一个假想的扑面而来的狙击手子弹中推开 （笑声） 到现在她都还没有谢我呢 我当时可是拼了命的 她甚至都没看到那子弹迎面扑来 我可是拼命展示了我最厉害的一面
01:25
然后我看到我妹妹的脸 她满脸痛苦、惊讶的表情 马上就要哭出来了，极有可能吵醒 习惯在漫长冬季午睡的父母 所以我做了一件 一个手忙脚乱的七岁小孩唯一能想到的事，来扭转悲剧 如果你有孩子的话，你肯定见过好几百次了 我说，“艾米，艾米，好了，别哭了，别哭了 你看到你是怎么落地的么？ 人类是不会那样四脚朝地落下去的 艾米，我觉得这意味着你就是传说中的独角兽。”
01:51
（笑声）
01:54
很明显这是骗她的，因为我妹妹现在最不想做的就是 那个受伤的五岁小妹妹艾米， 想做的是超级独角兽艾米 当然，以前她是完全没有做独角兽这个想法的 于是就看到我那可怜的、被我控制了的妹妹如何纠结 她的小脑袋正在决定究竟是继续 回味刚才经历的那些 疼痛、折磨和惊讶 还是仔细考虑她作为独角兽的新身份 后者胜出了 于是她没哭，也没有停止游戏 更没有吵醒我们的父母 这些负面的影响都没有产生 她脸上划过一丝微笑 重新爬回到双层床的上铺，带着作为一只小独角兽的荣耀 （笑声） 还有一条受伤的腿
02:32
我们在五岁或七岁 无意间发现的道理其实是 当然当时我们并不知情 后来一个科学革命的先锋观点 发生在二十年后，主要研究人脑的问题 我们当时的发现叫做积极心理学 这也是我今天站在这里的原因 同时也是我每天早晨醒来的原因
02:51
当我刚开始在学术圈外谈论这个研究时 在公司以及学校 他们强调的第一件事就是 永远不要以图表开始你的谈话 我在这里想做的第一件事恰恰就是用图表开始我的演讲 这个图表看起来很枯燥 但是它恰恰就是我每天保持兴奋并醒来的原因 而且这个表什么也不是，它是一个假数据 我们从这些数据中发现——
03:09
（笑声）
03:13
如果我用这些数据来研究在座的各位，估计我会很兴奋 因为很明显这里有一个趋势 这意味着我可以将这个出版了 这才是最关键的 事实是这个曲线上方有一个奇怪的红点 就是说在座有一个古怪的人 我知道是哪位，刚才我看到你了 这个不是问题 你们都知道，这并不是问题 因为我完全可以删除这个点 我能删掉它是因为这明显是一个测量错误 我们都知道它是一个测量错误 因为它把我的数据弄乱了
03:42
所以通常经济学、统计学、商务学以及心理学课程 都会教大家的一件事 是为保持数据的有效性，我们如何删除奇怪的数据 我们如何通过删除异常值 来找出最合适的曲线呢？ 令人惊讶的是，当我试图研究 每个人应该服用的雅维（解热镇痛药）数量时，我发现应该是两粒 但是如果我对可能性感兴趣，如果我对你的潜力 或者快乐、生产力 或者精力、创造力感兴趣， 我们现在所做的就是对科学里的平均概念的迷信
04:07
如果我问一个问题，比如说 “一个孩子在教室里学习阅读能有多快？” 科学家们会把问题变成“孩子在教室学习阅读 的平均速度是多少？” 然后我们会把教室里的孩子都设想成平均水平 如果你低于这个平均线 心理学家就会感到很惊讶 因为这意味着你要么有抑郁症要么有身心障碍 或者很可能二者兼具 我们希望你二者兼具，因为我们的商业模式是 如果你因为一个毛病来进行治疗 我们希望你离开的时候知道自己其实是有10个毛病的 这样你就会一遍又一遍地来进行治疗 如果必要的话我们会追溯到你的童年 但是最后我们想做的是使你变得正常 但是正常这个概念只是指的平均水平
04:40
我以及积极心理学家们假设的是 如果我们只研究平均水平 我们就会一直停留在平均水平上 因此我们不会删除那些积极的异常值 我想做的是研究这些异常值的人群 然后探究其中的原因 为什么你们中有些人远远高于这个平均曲线？ 包括你的智商、运动能力、音乐才能 创造力、精力 面对挑战的弹性以及幽默感？ 不管是哪方面，我不会删除你，而是去研究你 因为或许我们可以收集信息 不仅仅是把平均值下面的人提高到平均曲线上去 而是如何将整个平均曲线提高 无论是在全世界范围内的公司还是学校都是如此
05:12
这个图表对我很重要 因为每当我打开新闻频道时，似乎大部分的信息 都不是积极的，事实上是消极的 大部分都是关于谋杀、 *** 、疾病、自然灾害 我立即想到 这才是世界上真正的消极和积极所占的比例 这其实造成了一种叫做 医学院综合症的东西 如果你认识读过医学院的人 你就会知道在医学院一年级的时候 当你读完一份关于所有可能发生的疾病和相关症状的列表 你马上就会感觉好像所有这些症状和疾病自己都有
05:37
我有一个妹夫叫波波，这是另一件事了 波波和我那个“独角兽艾米”妹妹结婚了 有一天他从耶鲁医学院 给我打来电话 他说，“肖恩，我得麻风病了” （笑声） 这个病，在耶鲁都是其极罕见的 但是我不知道怎么来安慰可怜的波波 因为过去的整整一礼拜他一直在克服自己的更年期问题
06:00
（笑声）
06:02
所以我们发现并不一定是现实世界造就我们 而是我们大脑用来看世界的那个镜片造就了我们的现实世界 如果我们换一副镜片，我们不仅可以改变自己的快乐程度 同时还能改变每一个教育或者商业结果
06:14
当年申请哈佛的时候，我完全是放手一试的 我并没有期望能被录取，家里也没有钱供我去读大学 两周后我拿到了军事奖学金，哈佛录取我了 突然，一个连“可能”都谈不上的事情变成现实了 当我到了哈佛，我以为其他人也都跟我一样把来这里读书当做一个荣耀 他们到这里来肯定都特别兴奋 即使你坐在一个满是比你聪明的人的教室里 你也会很高兴，只是仅仅坐在那个教室就很快乐，这是我当时的感觉 但是我发现 同时其他人也有类似体会 四年之后我从哈佛毕业 然后在学生宿舍和他们住了八年 这可是哈佛邀请我去的，我可不是那种八年毕不了业的人 （笑声） 我作为哈佛的咨询师帮助学生们在四年大学时光进行心理咨询 在我的研究和教学中 我发现，无论这些学生入学之前取得的成功 让他们多么快乐 两周之后他们的注意力就不在作为一名哈佛学子的荣耀感了 也不在哲学或者物理学上面 他们的注意力集中在竞争、作业、 各种烦恼、压力和抱怨上面
07:07
当我第一次开始工作的时候，我走进了新生食堂 我的来自德克萨斯州瓦克市的朋友在那里等我，我就是在瓦克市长大的 我知道你们可能有人听说过这个地方 他们来看望我，并在食堂里四处参观 他们说，“这个新生食堂看起来有点像 电影哈利·波特里面霍格瓦茨魔法学校的食堂。”的确那个食堂是挺像的 这边的是电影哈利·波特里面霍格瓦茨魔法学校的食堂，另一边是哈佛的食堂 当他们看到这些时， 他们说，“肖恩，你为什么浪费时间在哈佛研究快乐这个问题呢？ 说真的，哈佛大学的学生有什么 感到不快乐的理由么？”
07:30
这个问题恰恰包含了 理解快乐这门科学的关键 因为这个问题假设 通过外部条件是可以预测我们的快乐程度的 但实际上，如果我了解你所有的外部条件 我只能预测你长期快乐程度的10%。 剩下的90% 都不是靠外部条件可以预测的 而是取决于你的大脑如何理解这个世界 如果我们做一点改变 改变我们关于快乐和成功的定义准则 我们需要改变 自己影响现实的方式 我们发现只有25%的职业成功 是由IQ决定的 其余75% 是由你的积极程度、人脉 以及把压力视为挑战而不是威胁的能力决定的
08:10
我跟新英格兰一个寄宿学校谈起这个问题，这个学校应该是最著名的寄宿学校 他们说，“我们知道这个问题， 所以每年，我们不仅教学，我们还有一周健康课。 这个事情让我们都很兴奋。周一晚上请世界著名专家 来讲青少年抑郁问题 周二晚上讲校园暴力和恃强欺弱问题 周三晚上是饮食紊乱问题 周四晚上是 *** 问题 周五晚上我们正在讨论危险的性行为与快乐之间的抉择 （笑声） 我说，“大多数人周五晚都考虑这个” （笑声） （掌声） 很高兴你们喜欢这个回答，但是他们似乎一点都不喜欢 电话里一阵沉默 为了打破沉默，我说“我很乐意在贵校做演讲， 但是你们也知道，这其实不是健康周，而是疾病周 你们列出了可能发生的消极事情 却没有提到积极的方面。”
08:56
没有疾病并不代表健康 我们应该这样获得健康： 我们需要重新定义健康和成功的概念 过去的三年里，我到过45个国家 和那里的学校、公司合作 在这个经济危机时期 我发现大部分公司和学校 有这样一个成功的准则，就是 如果我更努力，我就会更成功 如果我更成功，我就会更快乐 这符合我们大多数父母的教育方式，以及公司的管理方式 也符合我们行为激励的原则
09:22
但问题是从科学角度说这个观点是不成立的，是落后的，有两点原因 第一，每次你觉得成功的时候 你就会对成功重新进行定义 比如你取得了好成绩，接下来你必须取得更好的成绩 你进了一所好学校，接下来你必须进入更好的学校 你找到了一个好工作，下一步你得找到一个更好的工作 你达到了销售目标，下一步必须制定更多的销售目标 如果说快乐在成功的相反面，你永远不会得到快乐 我们所做的是把成功抬高到了 社会的认知层面以外 这是因为我们觉得我们必须成功 这样才会快乐
09:50
但真正的问题是我们的大脑却在相反的方向运行 如果你现在可以提高某个人的积极心理程度 那么他的大脑就会经历我们称为快乐优势论的过程 这时你的大脑在积极方面的表现 明显优于 它在消极、中立或者沮丧方面的表现 你的智商提高、创造力提高、精力也提高了 事实上，我们发现 每件事的结果都改善了 处于积极状态的大脑的生产力比 处于消极、中立或者沮丧状态下高31% 你的销售额能提高37% 医生得出正确诊断的速度和准确率 也提高了19% 当他的大脑处于积极状态而不是消极、中立或沮丧状态下 这意味着我们可以彻底改变这个准则 如果现在我们可以找到一种使自己变得积极的方法 那么大脑运转会更成功 我们会工作得更努力、更快速、更聪明。
10:34
我们需要改变这个准则， 所以我们现在就来看看大脑究竟有多大能力 当你有积极的心态时，多巴胺就会进入你的大脑系统 它有两个作用 多巴胺不仅可以使你更快乐 同时还可以打开大脑中所有的学习中心 让你以另一种方式来适应这个世界
10:50
我们发现你可以通过训练自己的大脑 来使自己更加积极 在一个连续21天进行的每次持续两分钟的实验里 我们可以重新连接你的大脑线路 使你的大脑可以变得 更积极、更成功 我们现在正在做这些研究 在我合作过的每一个公司 让他们写下三件他们要感谢的事情 连续21天，每天三件新的事情 这个实验结束的时候 他们的大脑会形成一种模式 首先会以积极的心态看待这个世界，而不是消极的
11:18
回顾过去24小时你经历的一件积极的事情 会让你的大脑重新经历一遍那件事情 实践告诉人们你的行为是很重要的 我们发现冥想可以 使你克服文化多动症 这个多动症是由于我们同时做不同的事情造成的 冥想可以让你的大脑集中精力在手头的一项工作中 最后，看似随机的善举其实是有意识的善举 当人们打开收件箱时， 我们让他们写一封积极的邮件 表扬或者感谢他们社交网中的某个人
11:43
通过这些行为 就像训练身体一样训练大脑 我们发现我们可以彻底改变快乐和成功的准则 通过这些事情，我们不仅可以创造出积极的影响力 还可以创造一个真正的革命
11:55
非常感谢
00:00
When I was seven years old and my sister was just five years old, we were playing on top of a bunk bed. I was two years older than my sister at the time -- I mean, Im two years older than her now -- but at the time it meant she had to do everything that I wanted to do, and I wanted to play war. So we were up on top of our bunk beds. And on one side of the bunk bed, I had put out all of my G.I. Joe soldiers and weaponry. And on the other side were all my sisters My Little Ponies ready for a cavalry charge.
00:27
There are differing accounts of what actually happened that afternoon, but since my sister is not here with us today, let me tell you the true story --
00:34
(Laughter)
00:36
which is my sisters a little on the clumsy side. Somehow, without any help or push from her older brother at all, Amy disappeared off of the top of the bunk bed and landed with this crash on the floor. I nervously peered over the side of the bed to see what had befallen my fallen sister and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees on all fours on the ground.
00:54
I was nervous because my parents had charged me with making sure that my sister and I played as safely and as quietly as possible. And seeing as how I had accidentally broken Amys arm just one week before --
01:06
(Laughter)
01:10
(Laughter ends)
01:11
heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet,
01:15
(Laughter) for which I have yet to be thanked, I was trying as hard as I could -- she didnt even see it coming -- I was trying hard to be on my best behavior.
01:25
And I saw my sisters face, this wail of pain and suffering and surprise threatening to erupt from her mouth and wake my parents from the long winters nap for which they had settled. So I did the only thing my frantic seven year-old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy. And if you have children, youve seen this hundreds of times. I said, "Amy, wait. Dont cry. Did you see how you landed? No human lands on all fours like that. Amy, I think this means youre a unicorn."
01:51
(Laughter)
01:54
Now, that was cheating, because there was nothing she would want more than not to be Amy the hurt five year-old little sister, but Amy the special unicorn. Of course, this option was open to her brain at no point in the past. And you could see how my poor, manipulated sister faced conflict, as her little brain attempted to devote resources to feeling the pain and suffering and surprise she just experienced, or contemplating her new-found identity as a unicorn. And the latter won. Instead of crying or ceasing our play, instead of waking my parents, with all the negative consequences for me, a *** ile spread across her face and she scrambled back up onto the bunk bed with all the grace of a baby unicorn --
02:29
(Laughter)
02:31
with one broken leg.
02:32
What we stumbled across at this tender age of just five and seven -- we had no idea at the time -- was was going be at the vanguard of a scientific revolution occurring two decades later in the way that we look at the human brain. We had stumbled across something called positive psychology, which is the reason Im here today and the reason that I wake up every morning.
02:51
When I started talking about this research outside of academia, with companies and schools, the first thing they said to never do is to start with a graph. The first thing I want to do is start with a graph. This graph looks boring, but it is the reason I get excited and wake up every morning. And this graph doesnt even mean anything; its fake data. What we found is --
03:10
(Laughter)
03:13
If I got this data studying you, I would be thrilled, because theres a trend there, and that means that I can get published, which is all that really matters. There is one weird red dot above the curve, theres one weirdo in the room -- I know who you are, I saw you earlier -- thats no problem. Thats no problem, as most of you know, because I can just delete that dot. I can delete that dot because thats clearly a measurement error. And we know thats a measurement error because its messing up my data.
03:41
(Laughter)
03:42
So one of the first things we teach people in economics, statistics, business and psychology courses is how, in a statistically valid way, do we eliminate the weirdos. How do we eliminate the outliers so we can find the line of best fit? Which is fantastic if Im trying to find out how many Advil the average person should be taking -- two.
03:59
But if Im interested in your potential, or for happiness or productivity or energy or creativity, were creating the cult of the average with science. If I asked a question like, "How fast can a child learn how to read in a classroom?" scientists change the answer to "How fast does the average child learn how to read in that classroom?" and we tailor the class towards the average. If you fall below the average, then psychologists get thrilled, because that means youre depressed or have a disorder, or hopefully both. Were hoping for both because our business model is, if you come into a therapy session with one problem, we want to make sure you leave knowing you have ten, so you keep coming back. Well go back into your childhood if necessary, but eventually we want to make you normal again. But normal is merely average.
04:40
And positive psychology posits that if we study what is merely average, we will remain merely average. Then instead of deleting those positive outliers, what I intentionally do is come into a population like this one and say, why? Why are some of you high above the curve in terms of intellectual, athletic, musical ability, creativity, energy levels, resiliency in the face of challenge, sense of humor? Whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what I want to do is study you. Because maybe we can glean information, not just how to move people up to the average, but move the entire average up in our companies and schools worldwide.
05:12
The reason this graph is important to me is, on the news, the majority of the information is not positive. in fact its negative. Most of its about murder, corruption, diseases, natural disasters. And very quickly, my brain starts to think thats the accurate ratio of negative to positive in the world. This creates "the medical school syndrome." During the first year of medical training, as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases, suddenly you realize you have all of them.
05:37
(Laughter)
05:38
I have a brother in-law named Bobo, which is a whole other story. Bobo married Amy the unicorn. Bobo called me on the phone --
05:44
(Laughter)
05:46
from Yale Medical School, and Bobo said, "Shawn, I have leprosy."
05:51
(Laughter)
05:53
Which, even at Yale, is extraordinarily rare. But I had no idea how to console poor Bobo because he had just gotten over an entire week of menopause.
06:00
(Laughter)
06:02
Were finding its not necessarily the reality that shapes us, but the lens through which your brain views the world that shapes your reality. And if we can change the lens, not only can we change your happiness, we can change every single educational and business outcome at the same time.
06:15
I applied to Harvard on a dare. I didnt expect to get in, and my family had no money for college. When I got a military scholarship two weeks later, they let me go. Something that wasnt even a possibility became a reality. I assumed everyone there would see it as a privilege as well, that theyd be excited to be there. Even in a classroom full of people *** arter than you, I felt youd be happy just to be in that classroom. But what I found is, while some people experience that, when I graduated after my four years and then spent the next eight years living in the dorms with the students -- Harvard asked me to; I wasnt that guy.
06:46
(Laughter)
06:48
I was an officer to counsel students through the difficult four years. And in my research and my teaching, I found that these students, no matter how happy they were with their original success of getting into the school, two weeks later their brains were focused, not on the privilege of being there, nor on their philosophy or physics, but on the competition, the workload, the hassles, stresses, complaints.
07:07
When I first went in there, I walked into the freshmen dining hall, which is where my friends from Waco, Texas, which is where I grew up -- I know some of you know this. When theyd visit, theyd look around, and say, "This dining hall looks like something out of Hogwarts." It does, because that was Hogwarts and thats Harvard. And when they see this, they say, "Why do you waste your time studying happiness at Harvard? What does a Harvard student possibly have to be unhappy about?"
07:31
Embedded within that question is the key to understanding the science of happiness. Because what that question assumes is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels, when in reality, if I know everything about your external world, I can only predict 10% of your long-term happiness. 90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the external world, but by the way your brain processes the world. And if we change it, if we change our formula for happiness and success, we can change the way that we can then affect reality. What we found is that only 25% of job successes are predicted by IQ, 75 percent of job successes are predicted by your optimi *** levels, your social support and your ability to see stress as a challenge instead of as a threat.
08:10
I talked to a New England boarding school, probably the most prestigious one, and they said, "We already know that. So every year, instead of just teaching our students, we have a wellness week. And were so excited. Monday night we have the worlds leading expert will speak about adolescent depression. Tuesday night its school violence and bullying. Wednesday night is eating disorders. Thursday night is illicit drug use. And Friday night were trying to decide between risky sex or happiness."
08:33
(Laughter)
08:35
I said, "Thats most peoples Friday nights."
08:37
(Laughter)
08:40
(Applause)
08:43
Which Im glad you liked, but they did not like that at all. Silence on the phone. And into the silence, I said, "Id be happy to speak at your school, but thats not a wellness week, thats a sickness week. Youve outlined all the negative things that can happen, but not talked about the positive."
08:57
The absence of disease is not health. Heres how we get to health: We need to reverse the formula for happiness and success. In the last three years, Ive traveled to 45 countries, working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn. And I found that most companies and schools follow a formula for success, which is this: If I work harder, Ill be more successful. And if Im more successful, then Ill be happier. That undergirds most of our parenting and managing styles, the way that we motivate our behavior.
09:23
And the problem is its scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons. Every time your brain has a success, you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like. You got good grades, now you have to get better grades, you got into a good school and after you get into a better one, you got a good job, now you have to get a better job, you hit your sales target, were going to change it. And if happiness is on the opposite side of success, your brain never gets there. Weve pushed happiness over the cognitive horizon, as a society. And thats because we think we have to be successful, then well be happier.
09:52
But our brains work in the opposite order. If you can raise somebodys level of positivity in the present, then their brain experiences what we now call a happiness advantage, which is your brain at positive performs significantly better than at negative, neutral or stressed. Your intelligence rises, your creativity rises, your energy levels rise. In fact, weve found that every single business outcome improves. Your brain at positive is 31% more productive than your brain at negative, neutral or stressed. Youre 37% better at sales. Doctors are 19 percent faster, more accurate at coming up with the correct diagnosis when positive instead of negative, neutral or stressed.
10:25
Which means we can reverse the formula. If we can find a way of becoming positive in the present, then our brains work even more successfully as were able to work harder, faster and more intelligently. We need to be able to reverse this formula so we can start to see what our brains are actually capable of. Because dopamine, which floods into your system when youre positive, has two functions. Not only does it make you happier, it turns on all of the learning centers in your brain allowing you to adapt to the world in a different way.
10:51
Weve found there are ways that you can train your brain to be able to become more positive. In just a two-minute span of time done for 21 days in a row, we can actually rewire your brain, allowing your brain to actually work more optimistically and more successfully. Weve done these things in research now in every company that Ive worked with, getting them to write down three new things that theyre grateful for for 21 days in a row, three new things each day. And at the end of that, their brain starts to retain a pattern of scanning the world not for the negative, but for the positive first.
11:20
Journaling about one positive experience youve had over the past 24 hours allows your brain to relive it. Exercise teaches your brain that your behavior matters. We find that meditation allows your brain to get over the cultural ADHD that weve been creating by trying to do multiple tasks at once and allows our brains to focus on the task at hand. And finally, random acts of kindness are conscious acts of kindness. We get people, when they open up their inbox, to write one positive email praising or thanking somebody in their support network.
11:47
And by doing these activities and by training your brain just like we train our bodies, what weve found is we can reverse the formula for happiness and success, and in doing so, not only create ripples of positivity, but a real revolution.
11:58
Thank you very much.
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