本
文
摘
要
本文包含以下三方面内容：
名词分类
修饰名词的量词
可数名词变复数
一，名词分类
名词分类名词（Noun，简称n.），它表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的统一名称。
专有名词
人名，地名，组织名，国家名，节日，星期，月份
人名及头衔
Winston Churchill the Queen of England Tiffany
Professor Zhang Judge Thomson Batman Superman
著作
War And Peace (Leo Tolstoy)
A Tale of Two Cities (Charles Dickens)
Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte)
Pride And prejudice (Jane Austen)
月份
January February March April May June July August September October November December
星期
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
节日
Christmas, New Years Day, Easter, Mothers Day, Thanksgiving
Valentines Day, May Day, Labor Day
地名和地理名称
国家及大洲的名称
America, Africa, Asia, Europe, China, Peru, Albania
地区及城市的名称
New York, Washington, Beijing, California
江、河、湖泊、山脉、沙漠的名称
the Atlantic, the Pacific, Lake Victoria, the Nile
the Alps, the Himalayas, the Sahara
普通名词分为可数名词（countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)。
不可数名词一般分为物质名词和抽象名词。
常见物质名词
blood bread butter meat air coffee
oil tea paper thunder water wine soup
yogurt milk pork corn grass hair rice snow sugar
还有表示总称的名词。这些名词侧重于表示某类事物的总的概念，而不是具体的事物。
clothing food furniture fruit
luggage makeup homework
housework jewelry money cash
如果具体指出以上表示总称概念下的具体事物则用不同的词
clothing：pants shirts dresses
furniture: chairs tables beds wardrobes
fruit: apples oranges bananas cherries grapes
money: nickel dollar dimes
抽象名词
advice life time trouble music noise information knowledge patience experience education nature art love happiness
不可数名词可以借用量词来度量
用bottle，glass，cup，drop等修饰液体名词
beer milk coffee blood water tea wine
two glasses of water
a cup of coffee
several drops of blood
用piece修饰以下抽象名词和物质名词
music luggage jewelry information furniture equipment chalk bread news
a piece of news
three pieces of equipment
one piece of chalk
其他量词
A loaf of bread
A bar of cheese
A tube of toothpaste
A slice of meat
A cake of soap
A bar of chocolate
A length of cloth一段布
A bolt of cloth一匹布
A lump of sugar
A grain of rice/sand/salt
A head of cattle一头牛
A blade of grass一根草
An ear of corn一支玉米穗
A burst of applause一阵掌声
A ray of hope一线希望
An attack of fever一阵寒热
二，修饰名词的量词
可以修饰可数不可数名词
some considerable a lot of (lots of) plenty of a large quantity of a wealth of heaps
只能修饰不可数名词
a little much a great deal of a large amount of
只能修饰可数名词
a few many a large number of
Give me some money, please. / Give me some books to read.
Alan does not drink much wine.
The teachers explanation is of considerable help to them.
It took the police a great (good) deal of trouble to crack the criminal case(破这件刑事案).
There is lots of (a lot of ) time. / I received a lot of (lots of) birthday presents.
Dont hurry, there is plenty of time yet. / There are plenty of foreign magazines in the room.
Almer has read a large amount of literature(大量文学作品). [不能说a large amount of literary books, 但可说a large number of literary books]
Englishmen consume a large quantity of beer every year. / He has a large quantity of CDs.
David is said to have a wealth of learning(学识渊博)/ a wealth of friends(朋友甚多、交友甚广).
It did me a heap of (heaps of )good to see my old friends/ We have heaps of opportunities(许多机会).
三，可数名词变复数
可数名词变复数一般在名词词尾加"-s"
map—maps地图
bird—birds鸟
orange—oranges 桔子
bike—bikes自行车
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加"-es"
box—boxes盒子
class—classes班级
watch—watches手表
dish-dishes盘，碟子，餐具
以o结尾的无生命的名词后面加"-s"
photo—photos相片
radio—radios收音机
zoo—zoos动物园
以o结尾的有生命的名词后面加"-es"
tomato—tomatoes西红柿
potato—potatoes土豆
hero—heroes英雄
negro—negroes黑人
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加"-es "
baby—babies婴儿
family—families家庭
以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加"-s"
boy—boys男孩
toy—toys 玩具
以fe或f结尾的名词，把fe或f变为v加"-es"
knife—knives小刀
wife—wives妻子
leaf—leaves树叶
特殊变形
词尾-is变成-es
crisis-crises
basis-bases
*** ysis- *** yses
thesis-theses
emphasis-emphases
diagnosis-diagnoses
词尾-um 变成 a
datum-data
medium-media
词尾on变成a
criterion-criteria
phenomenon-phenomena
词尾-ex/-ix变成ices
index-indices
appendix-appendices
单复同形
fish 鱼
deer 鹿
sheep 绵羊
means 手段
Swiss 瑞士人
Chinese 中国人
suburbs 城郊
species 物种
outskirts 郊外
series 系列
crossroads 十字路口
headquarters 总部
spacecraft 宇宙飞船
aircraft 飞机
只有复数
trousers 裤子
pants 裤子
shorts 短裤
glasses 眼镜
compasses 圆规
scales 天平
pliers 钳子
clips 剪子
集体名词
people
Cattle
clergy （牧师）
police
poultry
poetry
machinery
clothes
public
Vermin(害虫）
单复数意意思不同
sport 运动
sports 运动会
teaching 教学
teachings 教导 学说
time时间
times时代
sand沙子
sands沙滩
water水
waters水域，河道
air空气
airs 架势
put on airs 装腔作势
arm手臂
arms武器
art艺术
arts人文科学
authority权威
authorities当局
brain大脑
brains智力
compliment恭维
compliments问候
content内容
contents 目录
convenience 方便
conveniences 便利设备
custom 习俗
customs 海关
damage 损害
damages 赔偿费
finding 发现
findings调查结果
force力量
forces兵力
glass玻璃
glasses眼镜
humanity人类
humanities人文科学
import进口
imports进口商品
interest 兴趣
interests利益
instruction 指导
instructions操作指南
liability责任
liabilities债务
manner 举止
manners 礼貌
mass大量
masses 群众
measure尺寸
measures措施
minute分钟
minutes会议记录
pain疼痛
pains 努力
paper纸
papers文件
spirit精神
spirits 烈酒
wood木头
woods树林
virtue美德
virtues优点
work工作
work著作工厂
以s结尾，仍为单数的名词
1. maths数学，politics政治（学），physics物理学等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
2. news消息、新闻，为不可数名词。
3. the United States美国，the United Nations联合国，应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
4. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
名词复数练习
写出下列名词的复数形式：
veto _____ kilo _____ piano _____ tobacco _____
bamboo _____ studio _____ volcano _____ knife _____
shelf _____ loaf _____ thief _____ chief _____ reef _____
antenna _____ alumna _____ appendix _____ index _____
thesis _____ diagnosis _____ bacterium _____ criterion _____
答案
Vetoes(否决) kilos pianos tobaccos
bamboos studios volcanoes knives
shelves loaves thieves thieves reefs(暗礁)
antennas/antennae(天线） alumnae(女校友)
appendices/appendixes(附录) indices/indexes（指数)
theses(论文) diagnoses(诊断) bacteria(细菌) criteria(标准）
参考文献：
罗国梁，《英语语法精粹》，上海交通大学出版社，2013-10-01
徐广联，《当代高级英语语法》，华南理工大学出版社，2020-12
