本
文
摘
要
杭州的名片西湖—The Name Card Of Hangzhoump.weixin.qq.com/s/F0Ai0OB1l1PUdjpw-U9xgA
聊到杭州，也许人们脑海里跳出的第一个关键词就是西湖；就像聊西安，人们脑海里会跳出兵马俑；聊北京，人们脑海里会闪现出故宫和长城。每次带国外官员坐船至三潭映月，我总会拿出1元的纸币给大家看，因为西湖就是杭州的名片。
When talking about Hangzhou, maybe the first key word in peoples mind is the West Lake; Its like talking about Xian, peoples minds will jump out of the Terracotta Army; Talking about Beijing, people will flash the the palace museum and the Great Wall in their mind. Every time I take foreign officials on a boat to Three Pools Mirroring the Moon, I always show them 1 yuan, because the West Lake is the name card of Hangzhou.
三潭映月
从古至今，有太多的诗句描写西湖。因人、因情、因季、因时不同，诗句展现的景色又有所不同。那么西湖在历史长流中又是如何发展的呢，对西湖影响较大的时期又有哪些呢？
From ancient times to now, there are too many poems describing the West Lake. The scenery of poems is different according to people, feelings, seasons and time. So how did the West Lake develop in the long history and which period had a great influence on the West Lake?
秦时西湖
West Lake in Qin Dynasty
两千多年前，西湖还是钱塘江的一部分。周围的山在湖的南北两侧，逐渐伸展形成浅滩。沉积的沙砾慢慢地汇合成一个堤岸，西边出现了一个泻湖。相传秦始皇去会稽（绍兴）祭祀大禹，经钱唐时还曾乘船进入西湖，在湖边一块巨石上系舟，这就是宝石山的“秦皇缆舟石”。如果传说属实的话，那说明当时的西湖水位要比现在高至少几十米，因为现在这块石头在宝石山上，比湖面高太多了。小时候，我总喜欢在上面攀爬，它外形就是一个木鱼的造型，我还一直以为只是个石头木鱼的雕刻。
More than 2000 years ago, the West Lake was part of the Qiantang River. The surrounding mountains were on the north and south sides of the lake and gradually formed from shoal. The deposited gravel slowly converges into an embankment and a lagoon appears to the West. It is said that the first emperor of Qin went to Kuaiji (Shaoxing) to offer sacrifices to Da Yu. When he passed through the Qiantang(The name of Hangzhou in The Qin Dynasty), he took a boat into the West Lake and tied a boat on a huge stone beside the lake. This is the "the first emperor of Qin fasten boat with stone" of Baoshi hill. If the legend is true, it means that the water level of the West Lake at that time was at least tens of meters higher than now, because this stone is on the Baoshi hill, which is much higher than the lake. When I was a child, I always liked to climb on it. Its shape was like a wooden fish. I always thought it was just a carving of a stone wooden fish.
秦始皇揽绳石
唐时西湖
West Lake in Tang Dynasty
隋朝主要是忙着开通南北运河并将中国的五大河流(海、黄、淮河、长江、钱塘江)连接在一起，便利了杭州的交通，促进了区域经济的发展。
The Sui Dynasty was busy dredging the North-South c *** and connecting Chinas five major rivers (Hai, Yellow, Huai, Yangtze and Qian Tang), which facilitated the transportation of Hangzhou and promoted the development of regional economy.
时空来到唐代，当时西湖湖面面积约为10.8平方公里。比现在西湖的6.38平方公里可大多了。湖的西部和南部都延伸到西山脚下。东北延伸至武林门地区。由于堰塞湖的不断淤积，加之没有水利工程改造，所以当时，西湖会在大雨过后泛滥，在长期干旱中干涸。
Time came to the Tang Dynasty, when the West Lake area was about 10.8 square kilometers. Its much larger than the current 6.38 square kilometers of West Lake. The western and southern parts of the lake extend to the foot of the west mountain. The Northeast extends to Wulin gate area. Due to the continuous siltation of the barrier lake and the lack of water conservancy projects, the West Lake would flood after heavy rain and dry up in the long-term drought.
五代的西湖
The West Lake in Wu Dai Dynasty
杭州发展历史上最突出的时期是吴越王朝(907-960)和南宋时期，对西湖产生了巨大的影响。西湖的全面开发和基本布局发生在这两个朝代。五代十国时期，吴越王国定都杭州，建观景房于凤凰山上（建王宫于凤凰山上的原因见前文《杭州往事》）。因此，公元927年，吴越王钱柳建立了一支千人的专职养护大队，负责养护西湖及周边环境。与此同时，吴越王朝的历代统治者都一心礼佛，在湖区周围修建了大量的寺庙、宝塔、神龛和石窟。如扩建了灵隐寺，建立了肇庆寺、京慈寺、立安寺、六通寺、桃光寺，修建了宝塔、 *** 塔、雷峰塔、白塔等，所以当时有佛国之称。
The most prominent period in Hangzhous development history was the Wu Yue Dynasty (907-960) and the Southern Song Dynasty, which had a great impact on the West Lake.The comprehensive development and basic layout of the West Lake took place in these two dynasties. During the period of Wu Dai and Ten Kingdoms dynasty, the kingdom of Wu Yue established its capital in Hangzhou, and built a viewing room on Phoenix Mountain (the reason why the Royal Palace was built on Phoenix mountain is shown in Hangzhou past).Therefore, in 927 A.D., Qian Liu, king of Wu Yue, set up a full-time maintenance brigade of 1000 people, responsible for the maintenance of the West Lake and its surrounding environment.At the same time, the rulers of the Wu Yue dynasty were all dedicated to Buddhi *** , and built a large number of temples, pagodas, shrines and grottoes around the lake area.For example, Ling Yin Temple was expanded, Zhao Qing temple, Jing Ci temple, Li’an temple, Liu Tong temple, Tao Guang temple were established, Liu He tower, Lei Feng Tower, White tower were built, so it was called the kingdom of buddhi *** at that time.
灵隐寺
凤凰山
白塔
六和塔
雷锋塔
宋时西湖
The West Lake in Song Dynasty
北宋时著名诗人苏轼对西湖治理贡献极大。从五代至北宋后期，西湖长年不治，葑草湮塞占据了湖面的一半。你想啊，王朝变了，钱氏不可能像以前那样组织千人养湖大队维护西湖了。一是财力不够，二是弄不好就扣个拥兵自重，试图谋反的罪名。
Su Shi, a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, made a great contribution to the governance of the West Lake. From Wu Dai Dynasties to the late Northern Song Dynasty, the West Lake was not treated for a long time, and aquatic plant occupied half of the lake. You know, the dynasty has changed, the Qian family can not organize a thousand people to maintain the West Lake as before. One is the lack of financial resources, and the other is the accusation of supporting soldiers and trying to rebel.
北宋元祐五年（1090年），苏轼上《乞开杭州西湖状》于宋哲宗，要政策、银子和人力。同年四月，动员20万民工疏浚西湖，并用挖出来的葑草和淤泥，堆筑起自南向北横贯湖面2.8公里的长堤，在堤上建六座石拱桥，自此西湖水面分东西两部，而南北两山始以沟通。后人为纪念他，将这条长堤称为“苏堤”。为什么上文唐代的时候，我没有讲西湖白堤是白居易造的呢，因为白居易只起到了宣传作用，造还真不是他造的，他自己也承认。白堤形成至今还有争议，有自然形成说，也有隋朝时人工修筑说，意见至今尚未统一。
In the fifth year of Yuan You (1090) of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi wrote "Begging development of Hangzhou West Lake of letter" to Zhe Zong who is the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, asking for policy, money and manpower. In April of the same year, 200000 workers were mobilized to dredge the West Lake, and with the aquatic plant and silt excavated, a long embankment was built across the lake 2.8km from south to north. Six stone arch bridges were built on the embankment. Since then, the water surface of the West Lake has been divided into East and west parts, and the north and South Mountains have been connected. In memory of him, people called this embankment "Su Embankment". Why didnt I mention that Bai Juyi built the White Embankment of the West Lake in the Tang Dynasty? Its because Bai Juyi only played a propaganda role. He didnt build it, and he admitted it. The formation of White Embankment is still controversial, including the theory of natural formation and the theory of artificial construction in Sui Dynasty.
苏堤春晓
1127年，南宋定都临安后，南宋继续在凤凰山上占山头。杭州成为帝都，人口激增，经济繁荣，进入了发展的鼎盛时期。杭州每年除旅游客、香客外，又增加了各国的使臣、商贾、僧侣，赴京赶考的学子。你想这么多人来，总得写写旅游攻略感慨感慨吧，所以那时西湖的风景名胜开始广为人知，成为“词红圣地”（那会没互联网，宣传全靠宋词传唱）。
In 1127, after the Southern Song Dynasty established its capital in Linan(The name of Hangzhou in The Southern Song Dynasty), it continued to occupy the top of Phoenix mountain. Hangzhou has become the imperial capital, with a rapid population growth and economic prosperity, and entered the peak period of development. In addition to tourists and pilgrims, there are also envoys, busines *** en and monks from all over the world, students who go to capital for exams. So many people come, they would write about the feelings of the touri *** strategy. So at that time, the scenic places of the west lake began to be widely known, and became the "holy land of Ci(A literary form)" (there would be no Internet, and the propaganda was all based on Song Ci).
南宋皇城图
南宋西湖图
清时西湖
The West Lake in Qing Dynasty
明清两代，西湖又经历了几次疏浚，挖出的湖泥堆起了湖中的湖心亭、小瀛洲两个岛屿。
In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the West Lake experienced several dredging, and the excavated mud piled up two islands, namely Pavilion in the center of the lake and Xiao Yingzhou.
湖心亭
小瀛洲
康熙五次来杭，并写下了“西湖十景”的名字。后地方官在石碑上刻下皇帝的笔迹，并在石碑上造亭保护。Kang Xi emperor came to Hangzhou five times and wrote down the name of "ten sceneries of West Lake" . Later, local officials carved the emperors handwriting on the stele and built pavilions on it for protection.
雍正年间，西湖面积约有7.54平方公里，但葑滩20多公顷，经过大规模的疏浚后，面积广及近代的西山路以西至洪春桥、茅家埠、乌龟潭、赤山埠一带。雍正五年（1727年），浙江巡抚李卫用银四万二千七百四十二两，开浚西湖湖道，在 *** 港、赤山埠、丁家山、茅家埠筑石堰各一座，用以蓄泄沙水入湖。
During the Yong Zheng(The name of the Emperor), the area of West Lake was about 7.54 square kilometers, but Beach full of aquatic plants was more than 20 hectares. After large-scale dredging, the area extended to the west of modern Xishan Road to Hong Chun bridge, Mao Jiapu, tortoise pool and Chi Shanpu. In 1727, Li Wei, governor of Zhejiang Province, used 42742 liang (unit of weight) of silver to dredge the West Lake Road, and built one stone weir at Jinsha port, Chi Shanpu, Ding Jiashan and Mao Jiabu, to store sand water into the lake.
乌龟潭
茅家埠
乾隆也曾六次访问杭州，创作诗歌，为“十景”立碑。他还为“龙井八景”题名，为龙井地区的偏远山区带来了知名度。因为皇帝的到来，宫廷画师就进行了实况转播，所以那时候留下来关于西湖的画作特别多。乾隆年间兴建的北京皇家园林颐和园的昆明湖东西两堤也是模仿西湖苏堤六桥而建的。
Qian Long(The name of the Emperor) also visited Hangzhou six times to write poems and set up a monument for the "ten sceneries". He also named the "eight sceneries of Long Jing" and brought fame to the remote mountainous areas of Long Jing area . Because of the arrival of the emperor, the court painters broadcast it, so there were many paintings about the West Lake left at that time. The East and West embankment of Kunming Lake in the summer palace, a royal garden in Beijing built during the reign of Emperor Qian Long, also imitated the six bridges of Su Embankment in the West Lake.
清代西湖图
龙井
当代西湖
West Lake in modern time
现在西湖景区总面积49平方千米，湖面面积为6.38平方千米。西湖南、西、北三面环山，湖中白堤、苏堤、杨公堤、赵公堤将湖面分割成若干水面。西湖的湖体轮廓呈近椭圆形，湖底部较为平坦，湖泊平均水深为2.27米，最深约5米，最浅不到1米。
Now the West Lake scenic area has a total area of 49 square kilometers, a lake surface area of 6.38 square kilometers. South, West and North of the West Lake are surrounded by mountains. White Embankment , Su Embankment, Yang Gong and Zhao Gong Embankment divide the lake into several water surfaces. The profile of the West Lake is nearly oval, and the bottom of the lake is relatively flat. The average water depth of the lake is 2.27 meters, the deepest is about 5 meters, and the shallowest is less than 1 meter.
西湖有100多处公园景点，有“西湖十景”、“新西湖十景”，有60多处国家、省、市级重点文物保护单位和20多座博物馆。
There are more than 100 park and scenic places in the West Lake, including "ten sceneries of the West Lake", "new ten sceneries of the West Lake". There are more than 60 national, provincial and municipal key cultural relics protection units and more than 20 museums.
2007年，杭州市西湖风景名胜区被评为“国家AAAAA级旅游景区”。 2011年6月24日，“杭州西湖文化景观”正式被列入《世界遗产名录》。
In 2007, Hangzhou West Lake was rated as "national AAAAA scenic spot". On June 24, 2011, "Hangzhou West Lake Cultural Landscape" was officially listed in the world heritage list.
（看图猜西湖十景）
