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《分子植物病理学》杂志(Molecular Plant Pathology)在2012年刊发了一篇名为”分子植物病理学中的十大病原真菌“(The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology)的综述文章。这十(类)种真菌分别是稻瘟菌、灰霉病菌、锈菌属真菌、禾谷镰孢、尖刀镰孢、布氏白粉菌、禾生球腔菌、炭疽菌、玉米黑粉菌和亚麻栅锈菌(Dean et al., 2012)。All authors, reviewers, editorial board members and senior editors of the journal Molecular Plant Pathology, with an interest in fungi, were contacted and asked to nominate three plant-pathogenic fungi they would expect to see in a list of the most scientifically/economically important fungal pathogens (Dean et al., 2012). 此列表是由《分子植物病理学》杂志的投稿作者,审稿人,和编辑等投票选出。所列真菌虽然不一定是造成作物减产及经济损失的前十大主要真菌(大丽轮枝菌未被讨论),但能够从一定程度反映当前在植物病原真菌这一科研领域的主要研究方向。
下面我们也根据”十大植物病原真菌“的思路简单介绍这些真菌。
2.2.1 稻瘟菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)
水稻作为世界主粮作物之一,养活了世界上近一半的人口。由稻瘟菌引起的稻瘟病是水稻最严重的病害。稻瘟病经常在我国和世界各稻区流行,可引起水稻大幅度减产,严重时减产40%-50%,甚至颗粒无收,已成为水稻生产过程中主要的制约因素,也是全球粮食安全的重大隐患。我国水稻新品种审定从2008年开始实行稻瘟病抗性的“一票否决”制。因此,提高水稻的稻瘟病抗性,尤其是广谱持久抗性,一直以来都是水稻抗病育种工作的难点问题,也是热点问题 (何祖华研究组在水稻广谱抗病的免疫代谢机制上取得重大进展----中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心/中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所)。
稻瘟菌是真菌界-子囊菌门(Ascomycota)-粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)-大角间座壳目(Magnaporthales)-大角间座壳科(Magnaporthaceae)-大角间座壳属(Magnaporthe)的真菌。
2.2.2 灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)
2.2.3 锈菌属真菌(Puccinia spp.)
2.2.4 禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)
禾谷镰孢 (Fusarium graminearum 有性态为 Gibberella zeae) 能引起禾谷类作物 造成根腐、颈腐、茎腐、苗枯和穗腐等病害,而且是造成小麦和大麦穗腐病 (Fusarium head blight) 及玉米茎腐病 (Gibberella stalk rot) 的主要致病真菌 (Dal Bello et al., 2002; Goswami and Kistler, 2004; Santiago et al., 2007; Stephens et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2015)。 禾谷镰孢菌侵染作物不仅造成产量下降还会残留各种毒素,威胁人畜健康 (Bennett and Klich, 2003)。其中脱氧雪腐镰刀霉烯醇 (Deoxynivalenol, DON) 又称呕吐毒素,能引起 人畜呕吐、腹泻和发烧等症状 (Sobrova et al., 2010)。
2.2.5 尖刀镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)
2.2.6 布氏白粉菌(Blumeria graminis)
2.2.7 禾生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella graminicola)
2.2.8 炭疽菌(Colletotrichum spp.)
2.2.9 玉米黑粉菌(Ustilago maydis)
2.2.10 亚麻栅锈菌(Melampsora lini)
参考文献
Bennett, J.W., and Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 497-516.
Dal Bello, G.M., Mónaco, C.I., and Simón, M.R. (2002). Biological control of seedling blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum with beneficial rhizosphere microorgani *** s. World J. Microb. Biot. 18, 627-636.
Dean R, Van Kan JA, Pretorius ZA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Di Pietro A, Spanu PD, Rudd JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster GD. The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol. 2012 May;13(4):414-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x. Erratum in: Mol Plant Pathol. 2012 Sep;13(7):804. PMID: 22471698; PMCID: PMC6638784.
Goswami, R.S., and Kistler, H.C. (2004). Heading for disaster: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops. Mol. Plant Pathol. 5, 515-525.
Santiago, R., Reid, L.M., Arnason, J.T., Zhu, X., Martinez, N., and Malvar, R.A. (2007). Phenolics in maize genotypes differing in susceptibility to Gibberella stalk rot (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 5186-5193.
Sobrova, P., Adam, V., Vasatkova, A., Beklova, M., Zeman, L., and Kizek, R. (2010). Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 3, 94-99.
Stephens, A.E., Gardiner, D.M., White, R.G., Munn, A.L., and Manners, J.M. (2008). Phases of infection and gene expression of Fusarium graminearum during crown rot disease of wheat. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 21, 1571-1581.
Wang, Q., Vera Buxa, S., Furch, A., Friedt, W., and Gottwald, S. (2015). Insights Into Triticum aestivum Seedling Root Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 28, 1288-1303.