本
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英语学习的过程主要分为单词的积累和语法,单词的积累在这里就不赘述了,那么英语语法的学习包括了单词词性、时态和从句。本文主要分享的是语法中词汇部分的内容。
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英语十大词性包括:
1.名词2.代词3.形容词4.副词5.动词6.数词7.冠词8.介词9.连词10.感叹词
名词
一、分类
根据结构分类
单一名词:group people book girl 合成名词:
fire-practice消防演习
water-pump水泵
zip code邮政编码
bookworm书呆子
bookstore书店
tea party茶会
son-in-law女婿
bathing-suit泳衣
self-respect自尊心
make-up化装
try-out试用
sunbathing日光浴
working age工龄
根据专有名词和普通名词分类
其中普通名词还可分为个体名词(可数)、集体名词(可数)、物质名词(不可数)、抽象名词(不可数) 下面主要写一下集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词 1、集体名词:team
police
crew
army
navy海军
data
committee委员会
group
nobility贵族 有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待。一般来说,作为整体时作单数看待,想到它包含的成员作复数看待。 eg1.The public was unlikely to support it. The public were deceived(欺骗) by the newspaper. eg2.The government is discussing the proposal.( *** 正在讨论这一建议) The government are discussing the proposal.( *** 人员正在讨论这一建议) 2、物质名词:不可分成个体的物质(不可数) beer
coffee
water
milk
perfume
soup
wine
wood(柴)
wool
sugar
tea
rain
snow
meat
iron
fur
paper
glue 3、抽象名词:看不见,摸不着(不可数)不能加冠词a或an age
anger
duty
evil
fear
luck
joy
history
music
love
health
mercy
truth
welffare
work 注意:很多名词都可以兼做可数名词和不可数名词
物质名词(不可数)个体名词(可数)copper铜a copper铜币gold金子a gold金牌paper纸a paper报纸wood木头a wood树林抽象名词(不可数)个体名词(可数)pleasure高兴a pleasure使人愉快的事authority权威an authority权威人士demoracy民主an demoracy民主国家power力量a power大国二、名词复数
1、加-s或-es
一般情况:加-s
girls
boys
books 以s,x,ch,sh结尾:加-es
classes
boxes
matches
2、以-o为结尾,加-es构成复数
单数复数tomatotomatoesheroheroe *** osquito蚊子mosquitoesdomino多米诺dominoespotatopotatoes3、以元音+o或oo结尾的词
bamboos
radios(收音机)
viseos(视频)
kangaroos
zoos
taboos(禁止)
pianos
photos
4、以-f或-fe结尾名词,变f为v加-s或-es
wolfwolveself精灵elveshalf半学年halveslifelivescoaf面包coavesleaf叶子leavesshelf架子shelvesthief小偷thieves5、不规则变化
manmentoothteethfootfeetchildchildrengoose鹅geesemousemiceox公牛oxenlouse虱子licethesis论文these *** asis基础basescrisis危机crises6、单复数同形
deer fish shellfish(贝壳动物) sheep craft及由craft构成的名词(aircraft spacecraft) species物种 means方法 chinese中国人 works工厂
7、元音字母加y结尾,在词尾加s;辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i加es
元音字母加y结尾:boys、toys、keys 辅音字母加y结尾:city——cities、family——families
8、复合名词单数变复数
单数复数housewifehousewivesgentlemangentlemendaugher-in-lawdaughters-in-lawman writermen writerswoman teacherwomen teachers三、名词所有格
1、多数情况下直接加‘s 2、原词已有复数词尾-s,只加’ workers‘ professors’ 3、原复数词不带-s词尾,也要加‘s children’s magazines儿童杂志 policemen‘s duty警察的职责 4、以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词,直接在词尾加’或‘s bus’/buss seats
代词
人称代词
单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称主格Iyouhe she itweyouthey宾格meyouhim her itusyouthem物主代词
我的你的他的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourshis her itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs包含形容词性物主代词的习惯用语
do ones homework做作业
lose ones way迷路
make up ones mind下决心
try ones best尽某人最大的努力
hold ones breath屏住呼吸
earn ones living谋生
to ones suprise使某人吃惊
in ones opinion在某人看来
反身代词
单数:myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself
复数:ourselves、yourselves、themselves
包含反身代词的习惯用语
devote oneself to致力于
help oneself to请随便
seat oneself坐下
enjoy oneself过得愉快
by oneself独自
eg.John dressed himself in the most formal suit.
约翰穿的衣冠楚楚。
Please make yourself at home.
请别客气。
相互代词
只有each other(两个人的关系)和one another(几个人的关系)
eg.Probably we influence each other.
you should help one another.你们应该互相帮助。
指示代词
this、that、these、those
I have no time to do it and thats my trouble.
不定代词
分类:合成名词和作代词的限定词
1、合成名词:somebody、anybody、everybody、nobody、someone、anyone、everyone、noone、something、anything、everything、nothing
eg.Somebody has turned off the light/
Is anyone there who can speak English.
肯定句用somebody、someone
否定句或疑问句用anybody、anyone
主语:Something has happened.
宾语:I want something to eat.
表语:He think hes something.(他认为他很了不起)
2、作代词的限定词:all、another、any、both、each、either、other、few、little、many、much、neither、none、some
①some、any、no
some用于肯定句、any用于否定句及疑问句、any还可表示任何一个
Some of the students are from the north.
Did any of your photos come out well?(你的照片洗好了吗?)
Any is good enough for me.(随便哪个对我来说都挺好)
Hes no financial expert.(他并不是金融专家)
②many、few、much、little、a little
many、much表示“多”
few、little表示“少”
many、few代表可数名词
much、little代表不可数名词
Many of the mistake were just careless.
Much of the information has been inaccurate(不准确)
few表示很少(否定含义)
I knew few of the people there.
那儿的人我认识的很少。
a few表示有几个(肯定含义),相当于several
Shes written lots of book but Ive only read a few.我仅读过几本
little表示很少,意思接近nothing,否定含义
He had little to tell us.他没什么可告诉我们的
You have done very little for us.你几乎没为我们做什么事
a little表示有一点,正面含义
Theres still a littlee left.还剩一点
总结
few很少修饰可数名词复数a few几个修饰可数名词复数little很少修饰不可数名词a little一点修饰不可数名词③all、each、none
all 可译为“所有的”表示可数的人或不可数;all与not连用表示部分否定
She spent all that year in London.
Now all was changed.
each可译为“每一个”
Each boy gets a present(礼物).
A gift was given to each of the boy.
none表示“没有一个”即可接可数也可解不可数
None of us spoke japanese.
I like none of these pictures.可数
None of the money is mine.不可数
④both、either、neither
这三个词都指两个人或两样东西
both"两者都"
Both of the woman were French.
either"两者中的任何一个"
Either of the plans is equally good.两个计划一样好
neither"两者都不"
Neither of them knew the way.他俩谁都不知道路
用法:both…and意为"…和…都"
连接主语时,谓语动词用复数。
either…or意为"或者…或者…"
连接主语时,谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。
neither…nor意为"既不…也不…"
连接主语时,谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。
⑤the other/others、another
the other/others表示"另外那个(些)"
eg.I have two aunts,one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka大阪
others还可表示"别人,其他人"
I went swimming while the others played tennis.
another表示"另一个"
Now she was in another difficulty.
She is still got another three question to answer.她还有三道题没答。
辨别:neither、none、no one
neither"两者都不"与both对立
none"三者或三者以上没有"与all对立
no one"没有人"只能指人
形容词
一、常见形容词
active、angry、anxious、bad、beautiful、big、brief、busy、calm、careful、cheap、clean、clear、cold、comfortable、common、complex、cool、curious、dangerous、dark、effective、expensive、familiar、famous、firm、flat、frank、free、flesh、finny、important、joyful、large、light、loud、narrow、pale、new、slow、soft、sick、saft、quiet、wet、warm、female、legal、local、apparent、basic、full、magic、male、empty、double、independent、social、rural、royal、raw、solid、urban、west、wrong、public、original、natural、moral、modern、single
二、比较级
元音:a e i o u
辅音:除原音剩下的字母
1、单音节词或某些双音节词都加-er和-est构成
young-younger-youngest
high-higher-highest
short-shorter-shortest
注意:以e结尾,加-r及-st,larger largest
辅音加y,变y为i再加,busier busiest
一个辅音字母的结尾,双写再加,bigger biggest
2、其他词(特别是两个音以上的词)在前面加more,most
important-more important-most important
difficult-more difficult-most difficult
useful-more useful-most useful
narrow-narrower-narrowest
common-commoner-commonest
clever-cleverer-cleverest
simple-simpler-simplest
polite-politer-politest
quiet-quieter-quietest
pleased-more pleased-most pleased
glad-more glad-most glad
3、不规则变化
good/well-better-best
bad-worse-worst
old-older/elder-oldest/eldest
far-further-furthest
much/many-more-most
little-less-least
另外less较不和least最不也可构成比较级
careful-less careful-least careful
useful-less careful-least careful
4、比较级可以单独使用
You should be more careful with your money.你花钱要慎重一些。
Which town is farther from this city?
As the day went by,she became less anxious.
5、在两者比较时要用连词than
Shes taller than her brother.
It takes less time to go there by plane than by train.
She was more lucky than clever.
6、比较级特殊用法
①“更多的是…而不是…”more…than…
She was more surprised than excited.
她感到更多的是惊讶而不是兴奋。
To me,watching movies is more a way of life than an interest.
看电影是一种生活方式,而不是一种爱好。
②“越来越”more and more
More and more students are majoring in the science.
Shes getting taller and taller.
③“越…越…”the+比较级,the+比较级
The bigger the house is,the more money it will cost.
The sooner we leave,the sooner we will arr.
④“超过”more than
It was more than a year now since he had seen her.
他上次见她以来已经一年了。
⑤“不到”less than
In less than a month the MS was ready.
不到一个月稿子就准备好了。
⑥“不少于”no less than
I received no less than ten thousand yuan for my work.工资
7、as…as结构
as…as 和…一样(形容词用原级)
The old man is as energetic as a young man.
They were as firm as we could expect.
not as…as 不像…那样
Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.
The plane wasnt as crowded as it usually is.
三、最高级
1、前面要加定冠词the
This is the longest street in the city.
Summer is the hottest season of the year.
The third requirement要求 is the most important of all.
2、形容词最高级单独作表语时,the常可省略
We are busiest on Tuesday.
Its safest to go by bus.
This is my biggest cake.
3、形容词最高级有时可表示“非常”这时前面可加可不加冠词
He is a most remarkable man.
他是一个非常出色的人。
That was a most convincing argument.
这是一个非常有说服力的论点。
4、“at ones 最高级”表示处于最…的状态
I knew she at her worst.
她这时心情不好。
Youve timed your holiday cleverly,the weathers at its best.
你真会选度假时间,正是天气最好的时候。
5、the+形容词表示一类人或东西
The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.失业者
These provide shelter for the homeless.
这些为无家可归的人提供了栖身之所。
副词
一、分类
时间副词
表示发生时间的副词
ago、before、 just、now、last night lately、now、recently、so far、then、today、tomorrow、tonight、yesterday
表示频繁的副词
always、constantly、ever、frequently、much、never、seldom、usually、normally、often
其他时间副词
first、finally、early、already、just、since、soon
地点副词
abroad
anywhere
here
ashore在岸上
away离开
downtown市中心
nearby在附近
underground在地下
nowhere无处
方式副词
abruptly
accurately准确地
badly
beautifully
brightly
carefully
neatly整齐地
politely
softly
readily
poorly
proudly
sadly
calmly
hopefully
gladly
nervously
logically
secretly
程度副词和强调副词
absolutely绝对
almost几乎
amazingly惊奇地
awfully可怕地
completely完全地
altogether总共
greatly极大地
entirely完全地
dearly深深地
highly非常
intensely强烈地
totally完全地
very
utterly十足地
slightly轻微地
二、副词比较级和最高级
和形容词一样
用法:
单独使用:Please speak more slowly.
Try to do better next time.
Who runs faster?
和than一起使用:He swims better than I do.
He lives closer to the park than I do.
His son can throw the ball farther than he can.
as…as结构
She can run as fast as a deer.
Ill be round as quickly as I can.
副词最高级都修饰动词,前面的都不加the
She behaved most generously.
她表现得最大方。
Of the four of us,I sang worst.
四人中,我唱得最差。
动词
一、动词包括:不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词
不及物动词
cry
appear
shine
swim
sleep
这种动词一般没宾语
He died in battle.
Earthquakes occur frequently in this area.
有些不及物动词和某个介词一起用,其后跟宾语
abound with富于
adhere to坚持
alternate with替换为
amount to总计
cling to坚持
complain of抱怨
care for照顾
consist of包括
hope for希望
hint at暗示
result in导致
think of思考
rely on依靠
relate to与...有关
及物动词
achieve
blame
afford
avoid
buy
build
cover
cut
correct
defy
control
destroy
We expected that you would succeed.
He wrote something down.
双宾动词
动词后跟两个宾语
He gave his daughter a camera.直接宾语
She showed us her new car.直接宾语
He sent some flowers to his girl friend.间接宾语
以to引起的间接宾语
accord
bring
deal
leave
give
loan
offer
owe
pass
pay
sing
take
teach
tell
write
post
show
lend
以for引起的间接宾语
book
bring
build
buy
look
cut
find
fix
get
play
prepare
mix
order
take
write
系动词
be(最常用)
例:Its a good idea.
The young man was the first to arrive.
appear"好像,似乎"
The pear appeared sound but it was rotten.梨看起来是好的,但却已经坏了。
It appears a true story.这似乎是一件真事。
become
She became a famous writer.
feel"感到"
Im feeling hungry.
Idont feel very well.
get"变得"
Our country is getting more and more prosperous.
Dont get upset.
go"变得"
When I mentioned it, she went red.她脸红了
keep“保持某种状态”
Its difficult to keep warm here.
Well keep in touch with you.
look、 *** ell、sound、taste﹉起来
She looks a little nervous.
The soup *** ells good.
补充:
be的用法
①助动词:各种时态
②系动词We are very happy.
③be+不定式结构计划发生的事
The president is to make a statement tomorrow.
have的用法
①助动词:各种时态
②实义动词
She has a new car.
He had a swim every day.
③have *** do(让某人做某事)
I wont have him cheat you.
助动词
三组
be am is are was were been being
have has had having
do does did
情态动词
can:
能力(能做的事):Can you drive a car?
可能性(可以,可能):Im afraid he cant come to the party on saturday.
同意允许:You can park here.
疑问或否定句中表示惊讶不相信:They cant be waiting for us.他们不可能还在等我们。
could:
表示过去情况:She could swim when she was five.
委婉提出请求:Could I have some more tea?
could + have done:本可以:The accident could have been prevented.
May:
可能:They may be waiting at the station.
允许:You may not take photographs in the museum.
祝愿:May you be happy!祝你快乐
might:
may的过去式:I asked if I might use the phone.
委婉:MIght I have a little brandy?可否给我些白兰地?
might well:很可能We might well get lost.
must:
必须、一定:I must remember to go to the bank today.
mustnt“一定不要”you mustnt do that.你不能这么做。
注:在回答以must提问时,若否定回答,不要说mustnt(绝不要),而要用neednt(不需要)
Must I come at fire?
No,you neednt.
ought:
和to连用
应当,应该(接近should)
What ought I to say to him?
She ought to be isolated.她应该被隔离。
二、动词的四种形式
现在式:动词原型
过去式:规则变化/不规则变化
过去分词:规则变化/不规则变化
现在分词:-ing
英语中大部分动词是规则动词,以-ed词尾方式构成过去式及过去分词。以-ing词尾构成现代分词。
现在式过去式过去分词现在分词waitwaitedwaitedwaitingworkworkedworkedworkingwashwashedwashedwashingjumpjumpedjumpedjumping加ed和ing时要注意的几点:
(1)若以字母e结尾,过去式和过去分词只需加d;现在分词除去e加上ing
live→lived→living
translate→translated→translating
(2)辅音+y结尾,过去式和过去分词变y为i加ed;现在分词只加ing
study→studied→studying
try→tried→trying
fry→fried→frying
(3)元音字母+一个辅音字母末尾辅音字母要双写加ed/ing
hop→hopped→hopping单足跳
rob→robbed→robbing抢劫
regret→regretted→regretting
permit→permitted→permitting准许
其他情况下都直接加-ed或-ing
stay→stayed/staying(虽以y结尾但前面是元音a)
pack→packed/packing(末尾是两个辅音字母,不需双写)
open→opened/opening
(4)以x结尾的词,x不双写
tax→taxed/taxing征税
mix→mixed/mixing
常见的末尾双写加-ed/-ing的词
abet教唆abhor憎恶admit承认ban禁止bat击球beg乞求blot吸干液体brag吹嘘chat聊天chop切碎clap鼓掌commit犯罪compel强迫confer协商control控制defer推迟deter阻止dip蘸drag拉drub击鼓emit散发enrol登记equip装备excel擅长fan扇风fit适合get收到grip紧握gun加速hug拥抱jog慢跑knit编织mug打劫nag唠叨nip掐occur发生omit省略patrol巡逻plan计划refer参考regret后悔rip裂开rot腐烂rub擦scan扫描scar结疤scrap取消shop购物shrug耸肩slip滑倒stop停止thin变瘦transfer转移trim修剪不规则变化
drinkdrankdrunkfeelfeltfeltfindfoundfoundforgetforgotforgottengivegavegivengrowgrewgrownhearheardheardhithithithurthurthurtknowknewknownleadledledlendlentlentmakemademademeetmetmetputputputrideroderiddenriseroserisensaysaidsaidsellsoldsoldsetsetsetshineshoneshoneshowshowedshownsingsangsungsitssatsatspeakspokespokenstealstolestolenswimswamswum现在分词构成法
一般情况直接加ing构成
do-doing
stand-standing
但在下列情况下,拼写发生变化
(1)·以不发音e结尾,去e加ing
come-coming
write-writing
take-takiing
become-becoming
但当e会引发读音变化时,e保留
agree-agreeing
singe-singeing烤焦
另外e前为元音时也保留
canoe-canoeing划独木舟
(2)双写加ing
cut-cutting
swim-swimming
win-winning
admit-admitting
stop-stopping
forget-forgetting
(3)少数几个以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y加ing
die-dying
lie-lying
tie-tying
三、易混动词和动词短语辨析
(1)spend、cost、take、pay。这四个词都可以表示“花费”,但用法却不尽相同
词汇用法spend主语必须是人,常用于以下结构: *** spend time/money on sth或 *** spend time/money in doing sth.表示“某人在某事或某物上花费时间或金钱/某人花费时间或金钱做某事”cost主语是物,多指花费金钱,还可表示“值.......钱”take主语是物,常用于以下句型:it take *** +时间+to do sth表示“做某事花了某人多长时间”pay主语是人,常用于以下结构:pay( *** )money for sth表示“付钱(给某人)买...”;pay for sth“付......的钱”(2)arise、rise、raise。这三个词词形相似,但含义和用法完全不同
词汇用法arise不及物动词,表示问题、危险等的“产生,出现”rise不及物动词,意为“上升,升起,升高,上涨”,表示主语自身移向较高的位置,常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、蒸汽、河水、温度、物价等raise及物动词,意为“举起,提高,提升;筹集;提及;引起;养育,”其主语一般为发出该动作的人或物(3)bring、take、carry、fetch、get。这五个词的意思有相通之处,区别如下
词汇用法bring意为“拿来,带来”,指从别处把某人或某物带到说话人所在之处take意为“拿来,带走”,指从说话人所在之处把某人某物带走或拿走,方向与bring相反carry意为“携带,搬运”,指用人力或交通工具把一件东西从一个地方运到另一个地方,无方向性fetch意为“去拿来,去取来”,指去别处把某人或某物带到说话人所在之处,fetchget意为“拿,取”,指到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来(4)hurt、wound、injure。这三个词都可以表示“伤害”,区别如下
词汇用法hurt指身体上的受伤。另外,它还经常用于表达精神或感情上的伤害wound既可以用于身体上的伤害,一般指严重的外伤,特指在战场上受到的枪弹伤害;也可用于精神上的“创伤”injure与hurt的含义较为接近,但更加正式,主要指人在意外事故中受到的伤害(5)ruin、destroy、damage。这三个词都可以表示“毁坏”,区别如下
词汇用法ruin意为“摧毁;毁灭;崩溃”,经常指把某物损坏到了不能再使用地程度destroy意为“破坏;摧毁;消灭;毁灭”,指彻底地破坏,含有无法修复之意damage意为“破坏;损伤;损害”,强调破坏部分功能(6)provide、supply、offer。这三个词都可以表示“提供”,区别如下
词汇用法provide指为某人或某物供应某物品,尤指生活必需品。常用搭配:provide *** with或provide sth for *** supply指某人或某物定期供应、提供需要的东西。常用搭配:supply *** with sth或supply sth to *** offer表示主动提供帮助,帮助等。常用搭配:offer *** sth 或offer sth to ***(7)ask、beg、demand、require、request。这五个词均可表示“请求,要求”,区别如下
词汇用法ask指向他人提出要求或请求。常用搭配:ask *** to do sth;ask *** for sth;ask for sthbeg指恳切、谦恭地提出某种较为迫切地请求或要求,常含低声下气的意味。常用搭配:beg sth of/from *** ;beg to do;beg *** for sthdemand一般指理直气壮地提出要求或强烈要求,含有命令之意。常用搭配:demand sth;demand to do sth;不用于demand *** to do sth结构中require强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等提出的要求。常用的搭配:require sth;require *** to do sthrequest正式用词,指有礼貌地请求或恳求。常用搭配:request sth;request *** to do sth(8)attend、join、take part in。这三个词都可以表示“参加”,区别如下
词汇用法attend指参加或出席会议、婚礼等。动作执行者只是去听、去看,自己不一定发挥积极作用。如:He will attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加一个重要地会议join指加入某个党派、组织成为其成员:join in后接一群人的小规模活动,如:球赛、游戏等take part in指参加某一项群众性活动,着重说明动作执行者参加该项活动并在活动中发挥积极作用。如:Well take part in social practice during the summer vacation.暑假期间我们将参加社会实践(9)agree with、agree to、agree on/upon。这三个易混淆短语的用法区别如下
词汇用法agree with表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等
表示“(食物、天气、工作等)对.......适宜”其后常接表示人的名词或代词agree to主要用来表示一方提出一项建议、安排、计划、意见、条件等,另一方同意协作;
其后即可接动词原形(此时to是不定式符号),也可接动名词(此时to是介词)agree on/upon意为“达成协议;意见一致”,是agree with each other on/upon sth中省略with each other而来,表示“(与某人相互)在........上是一致的”(10)look at、see、watch、notice、observe。这五个词均可表示“看”区别如下
词汇用法look at强调集中注意力地看,强调“看”的动作see意为“看见,看到”时,不用于现在进行时;意为“看望;送行”时,可用于现在进行时watch强调所看事物的变化、移动和发展,往往指仔细地盯着看,如看电视、看比赛等,其后一般不能接that引导的宾语从句notice意为“看到,注意到,觉察到”,相当于take notice ofobserve意为“观察,仔细看”,主要用于某种研究、实验或现象,可用于observe *** do/doing sth结构中(11)match、fit、suit。这三个词都可以表示“适合”,区别如下
词汇用法match强调大小、形状、颜色、样式等方面相配、相一致。如:Her nails were painted bright red to match her dress.她的指甲涂成了红色,为的是与裙子相配fit强调衣服的尺寸、大小合适。如:The new coat fits me well.这件新外套很合身suit强调衣服的颜色。款式、花样等适合某人。如The color doesnt suit my wife.这颜色不适合我的妻子
指合乎需要、品味、条件等。如:Would Friday suit you?周五可以吗?(12)advise、persuade、suggest。这三个词有想通之处,区别如下
词汇用法advise用作及物动词,表示“劝告,忠告,建议”,强调提醒或引起注意。其后接名词、代词、动名词、不定式复合结构或that从句,从句谓语用“(should+)动作原形”persuade表示“说服”,强调劝说成功,主要搭配:persuade *** to do sth说服某人做某事。若劝说但不一定成功,使用try to persuade *** to do sth或advise *** to do sthsuggest用作及物动词,表示“建议”,其后不能接不定式和复合宾语,可接名词、代词、动名词或that从句,从句谓语用“(should+)动作原形”(13)contain、include。这两个词均可表示“包含,包括”,区别如下
词汇用法contain常意为“包含,内装”,表示包含所含之物的全部或部分。另外,如果指包含某种成分时,也可用containinclude常意为“包括”,只表示包含所含之物中的一部分,该物有几个部分组成,侧重被包括者只是整体的一部分(14)defeat、beat、win。这三个词都可表示“赢”,区别如下
词汇用法defeat表示“打败,击败”,其宾语必须是人或一个集体。defeat多指在战争中打败对手beat表示“打败,击败”,其宾语必须是人或一个集体。beat多指在游戏或比赛中打败对手win表示在较强地竞争中取得胜利,其后常跟的宾语有game,war,prize,fame,battle等(15)beat、hit、strike。这三个词都可表示“击打”,区别如下
词汇用法beat表示“击打”时,强调连续或反复地“击打”,如:心脏跳动、打拍子等具有连续性或反复性的动作hit表示对准目标打一下,强调“击中”;也可引申为精神上的打击stike表示突然性或一次性地“击打”,也表示一下一下地“敲击”,如:“敲钟”只能用srike(16)book、order。这两个词都有“订购,预订”之意,区别如下
词汇用法book指订各种票或座位等order指餐馆订饭或定做衣服或订货等(17)believe、believe in。这两个词都可表示“相信,信任”,区别如下
词汇用法believe表示“相信;认为”,侧重于相信某人所说的话或某事的真实性,其后跟名词、代词、不定式的复合结构或宾语从句。如:believe the story to be truebelieve in表示“相信;信仰;信奉”,其后常接真理、宗教。命运之类的名词。如:believe in fate相信命运。也可姐接人,表示相信某人的品行或能力(18)disturb、interrupt。这两个词都有“打搅”之意,区别如下
词汇用法disturb用作及物动词,有“打扰;扰乱;使人心神不安”之意interrupt表示“打断;中断”之意(19)choose、select、elect。这三个词都可表示“选择”,区别如下
词汇用法choose表示“选择;挑选”,但一般指范围很小或普遍的选择select表示“挑选;选定”,具有“ *** ”之意elect表示“选举”,指较大范围内正式的选举。常用搭配:elect *** as...选举某人为...(20)miss、lose。这两个词都可表示“丢失”,区别如下
词汇用法miss表示“未能赶上;错过;失去;漏掉”。若表示“丢失的;不在的”,常用其现在分词形式。如:They set out to look for the missing girl at once他们立即出发去寻找失踪的女孩loselose语气较强,一般指丢失不易找回。表示“丢失的;迷路的”,用其过去分词形式lost。如:a lost book一本丢失的书(21)save、spare。这两个词都可表示“节省”,区别如下
词汇用法save表示“储蓄;节省”,指把钱、时间及其他东西储蓄起来以备将来用;也表示节省东西,避免浪费;还可表示“挽救”spare意为“省”,指细心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常(22)dress、in、put on、wear。这四个词都可表示“穿”,其区别在于
词汇用法dress作名词,意为“连衣裙”;作动词,后面可接人,意为“(给某人)穿衣服”in作介词,意为“穿着,戴着”,强调“穿着”的状态,后面常接表示颜色或服装类的名词put on作动词短语,意为“穿上,戴上”,强调“穿上”的动作wear作动词,表示“穿着”的状态,其后可接衣服、鞋、帽、手套、眼镜、手表、徽章等,还可留着头发和胡须以及面部带着某种表情(23)look for、find、find out。这三个词都含有“寻找”之意,其区别在于
词汇用法look for意为“寻找”,强调指寻找的动作和过程。如:We are still looking for the way out.我们仍在寻找出路find意为“找到”,强调寻找的结果。如:The child was found safe and well.小孩找到了,安然无恙find out指经过观察、调查把某事或某物“查明;搞清楚;弄明白”,多用于复杂而不易直接查明的情况(24)seat、sit。这两个词都可表示“坐”,区别在于
词汇用法seat用作及物动词,表示“使坐下”,可以接人作宾语,还可以用于被动语态。此外,seat还有“可容纳若干人”的意思。常见搭配:seat *** 使某人坐下;seat oneself使某人自己坐下;be seated=seat down坐好sit多用作不及物动词,不能直接跟宾语。如:seat in the sofa坐在沙发上四、以常考动词为中心的动词短语汇总
以bring为中心
bring out使显现;公布;出版
bring down降低;使倒下
bring about引起;导致
bring up养育;培育;提出;呕吐
bring in赚得;挣;引入
bring forth生产;产出
bring back使想起;归还
bring forward将…提前;提议
以break为中心
break away挣脱;脱离
break off折断;中断;突然停止
break out突发;爆发(战争或疾病等)
break into强行闯入
break up打碎;解散;结束;断绝关系
break in打断;破门而入
break down崩溃;消除;瓦解;发生故障
break through突围;冲破;取得突破
以come为中心
come about产生;发生
come across偶遇;被理解
come true实现;成为现实
come about结果是;出版
come up走近;发生;上升;被提出
come up with提出;想出
以get为中心
get along进展;相处
get over克服;恢复
get off下车;出发
get about传播;流传;走动;旅行
get down咽下;写下;使沮丧
get in到达;收割
get up起床;起来;起身
get ahead of胜过;超过;领先
get across通过;使…被理解
get down to着手处理
get through熬过;完成;通过;接通电话
get away(from)…(得以)离开;脱身
get on上车;取得进步
get into养成某种习惯;参与;开始(某事)
以give为中心
give up放弃;抛弃;戒除
give in屈服;呈交
give off发出(光、气味、热等)
give out用尽;分发;发出(热、光等)
give voice to表露心声
give away泄露;捐赠
以go为中心
go against不利于;违反;反对
go by(时间)过去;遵照
go over复习;仔细审查
go through通读;经历
go in for参加;从事;爱好(某活动)
go on继续;发生;(时间)流逝
go ahead进行;发生
go with伴随;与…相伴而生
以hold为中心
hold back隐瞒;抑制;阻止
hold on to紧紧抓住;坚持
hold up举起;耽搁;延迟
hold on坚持;(电话用语)等一会儿
以look为中心的常考短语
look back(on)回顾;回忆
look ahead向前看
look up to仰慕;尊敬
look into调查;向…里面看
look after照看;照顾
look on旁观
look up向上看;(生意、情况等)好转
look through快速查看;浏览
look down upon/on看不起
look out当心;注意
look around/round环顾;环视
look forward to盼望(to为介词)
以keep为中心
keep away(from)远离
keep back保留;隐瞒不讲
keep on继续
keep off sth避免吃某物
keep out挡在外面;不得入内
keep up(天气)持续不变;继续
keep up with跟上;与…保持联系
keep down抑制(以防其增长);蹲下
以make为中心
be made up of由…组成
make use of利用
make up for弥补;补偿
make the best of充分利用
make ones mind to do sth下定决心做某事
make a difference有作用;产生影响
make out理解;辨认出;填写(支票、收据)
make up组成;构成;编造;化妆;和解
以put为中心
put down平定;镇压;记下
put off延期;耽搁
put on穿戴;上演
put out扑灭;生产
put up with忍受;忍耐
put back放回原处;拨回;阻碍;推迟
put forward提出(计划);将钟表拨快
put up举起;搭建;张贴;提供食宿
put aside把…放在一边;保留;储存
put away将…收起来;储蓄
以set为中心
set about开始做;着手做
set fire to放火烧
set back推迟;延缓;阻碍
set out动身;启程;开始
set up创立;建立;安排
set apart留出;使显得突出;分离
set aside留出(钱或时间);暂时不考虑
set down写下;记下
set off出发;激起;引起;点燃;引爆
以take为中心
take advantage of利用
take down放下;记下
take charge of负责;掌管
take along随身携带
take away带走;拿走
take back收回;退回(所购商品)
take out拿出;带…出去
take in吸收;容纳;改小(衣服);领会
take…for granted认为…理所当然
take up开始从事;继续;占据
take off(飞机)起飞;脱下;休假;成功
take after(外貌或行为)像(父或母)
take on呈现;雇佣;承担
take over接管;接任
数词
一、基数词
1、数字
①21-99先说“几十”再说“几”,中间要加连字号。
例:23 twenty-three
②101-999先说“几百”再说剩下的数字。
例:677 six hundred and seventy-seven
908 nine hundred and eight
③1000以上的词从后往前数,每三位加一个逗号。第一个逗号前的数为thousand,第二个逗号前的数为million,第三个逗号前的数为billion。
例:2008 two thousand and eight
6203 six thousand,two hundred and three
2、数学公式
3+12=15:three plus twelve is fifteen
9-7=2:nine minus seven is two
6×5=30:six times five is thirty
20÷4=5:twenty divided by four is five
a>b:a is more than b
a<b:a is less than b
a≈b:a approximately equals to b
a≠b:a is not equaly to b
二、序数词
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth twelfth fourteenth twentieth thirtieth
第二十一twenty-first
第三十二thirty-second
第八十九eighty-ninth
第三十六thirty-sixth
第二百三十六two hundred and thirty-sixth
序数词的一些用法
①和a连用表示"再一个""又一次"
Shall I ask her a third time?
我还要再问她一次吗?
When he sat down,a fourth man rose to speak.
②表示日期
june 23rd 六月二十三日
october 1st 十月一日
august 31st 八月三十一日
电话号码的读法
6355-4779
six three double five four double seven nine.
三、分数词
由基数词和序数词组成,基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。除了分子为1的情况外,序数词都要用复数形式。
1/4 one-fourth
7/9 seven-ninth
2/3 two-thirds
2又3/5 two and three-fifths
30又7/8 thirty and seven-eighths
还有下面表示法
1/2 a half
1/4 a quarter
3/4 three-quarters
2又1/4 two and a quarter
例:Over nine-tenths of Chinas inhabitants belong to the Han nationality.
Twenty cents is one-fifth of a dollar.20美分是一美元的五分之一
四、小数
6.5 six point five
0.3 zero point three
0.04 zero point zero four
0.125 zero point one two five
14.973 fouteen point nine seven three
五、百分数
8 percent 百分之八
量词
表示数量的词
some many much several enough dozen…
a lot of、a number of、a bit of、lots of、tons of大量的、a ball of一团、a group of、a basin of water一盆水、a basket of flowers一篮花、a cup of coffee、a spoon of sugar、a tankful of petrol一箱汽油、a glass of milk一杯牛奶
mile metre kilometer inch gram克
冠词
定冠词the,意思接近“this”“that”特指
不定冠词a或an,意思“一个”泛指
一、不定冠词的基本用法
元音开头用an,辅音开头用a
表示“一个”或“每一个”
a suit of clothes一套衣服
a quarter of mile四分之一英里
a glass water一杯水
in a word总之
二、定冠词的基本用法
1、表示一个或某些特定的人或物
特指(the)泛指(a/an/some)Who is the boy at the door?A boy is playing over there.门口的男孩是谁?一个男孩在那边玩耍Herere the records she bought.She bought two records for you.这些是她买的唱片她给你买了两张唱片2、the+形容词表示一类人或事物
How can we help the old and the poor.我们如何帮助老年人和穷人。
Fortune favours the brave.命运偏爱勇敢的人。
He has a strong dislike for the sentimental.他非常讨厌多愁善感的人。
三、零冠词
1、泛指的可数名词复数和不可数名词前
2、表示星期、月份、年份、节日或季节前
in autumn
3、表示三餐、棋类、球类运动的名词前
4、表示学科、语言的名词前
5、与by连用的交通工具名词前
6、零冠词的特殊用法
at table在吃饭/at the table在桌子旁
in future今后/in the future在将来
out of queasion毫无疑问/out of the queasion不可能
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
by day白天/by the day按天算
go to college上大学/go th the college到大学去
take place发生/take the place of代替
at school在上学/at the school在学校
in charge of负责/in the charge of由...负责
四、固定的词组,但有时说不出道理
in town在城里/in the city在城里
in front of在...前面/at the back of在...后面
at first起初/in time及时/on time按时
of course当然/by accident偶然/by mistake错误地
at a distance在一定距离/in the distance在远处
at a whole作为整体/on the whole总的来说
play volleyball打棒球/play the piano弹钢琴
介词
表示时间的介词
at具体时间点,常用于钟点at 8 oclock中午,夜里等词语at noon, at sunriseon确切的时间,具体某一天on the December 2nd在12月2日上午、中午、晚上、节日等before在…之前after在…之后in年月日、季节、上下午晚上in the moring"in the past/last+时间段"表示在过去的...中与现在完成时连用since自...以后forfor+时间段表示一段时间during在...期间表示方式、手段或工具的介词
by后面接表示交通、运输、通信等工具的名词by sea乘船by post邮寄in常接语言、材料、方式等in Englishin cash用现金on接交通工具前需加冠词,物主代词等修饰语on a bikethrough通过...表示方位的介词和介词短语
in/inside在...里
on在...上面
beneath在...下面
near在...附近
under在...下方
among在...之中
round/around在...周围
above在...上方
below在...下方
over在...正上方
between在...之间(二者)
behind在...后方
in front of在...前方
across横穿
along沿着
up向上
down向下
onto到...上
into到...里
out of从...离开
past经过
through通过
against靠着
over越过
towards向
from...to...从...到...
表示原因的介词短语
because of着重某个结果的原因Because of her hu *** and being there,I said nothing about it.due to起因于This accident was due to the drivers carelessness.thanks to多亏由于He was late as a result of the snow.on account of因为owing to归因于动词+介词构成的成语动词
Who will look after your children while you go out to work?
you can count on him to help.你可以指望他帮忙
agree to同意(某种安排)
agree with同意(某人意见)
answer for对...负责
ask for要求得到
bank on依靠
break with与...断绝关系
burst into突然
come across偶遇
enter for参加(比赛)
get about履行职责
get into碰到(困难)
get over克服
go after追求
go into调查
hang on取决于
head for向...前进
jump at立即接受
keep at继续于某事
keep from避免
look for寻找
pass for冒充(某人)
stand by支持
stand for主张
stick to坚持
动词+副词+介词构成的成语动词
back on to背对着
boil down to归结是
brush up on复习
come down to斥责
come in for受到(批评)
come out againist表示反对
do away with废除
get away with(犯罪)不受惩罚
go back on(说话)不遵守
go off with和…私奔
look down on看不起
look forward to看不起
look out for当心
look up to敬重
make up to拍…马屁
put up with忍受
介词成语:
at:
at a time一次
at ease稍息
at heart在内心
at first
at home
at last
at least
by:
by air航空
by chance偶然
by turns轮流
by mistake
by accident
in:
in all总共
in debt负债
in a nutshell总之
in case要是
in brief简言之
in advance事前
夹在名词之前的介词:
arm in arm手挽着手
day by day一天一天地
day before yesterday前天
head over heels倒栽葱
side by side并肩
step by step一步一步地
hand in hand手牵手地
包含两个介词的成语:
from bad to worse越来越糟
from door to door挨门挨户地
from beginning to end从头到尾
from generation to generation一代代地
from time to time不时地
连词
由于连词大部分应用于从句,所以在从句部分分享
感叹词
由于感叹词较多,本篇文章就只以oh举例
oh
oh,dear me!啊,我的老天(惊奇)
oh,how terrible!啊,多可怕(恐惧)
oh,what a pity!啊,真遗憾(遗憾)
oh,you are so here!啊,你也在这(惊奇,高兴)
此外还有Ah
well
good lord
ow
hello
wow等感叹词
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